The government can reduce taxes for public transportation. This will lead people to prefer public rather than having more cars which will cause traffic congestion. Also government can encourage the insurance on cars because those insurance contracts are expensive and may have an disincentive effect on consumers to buy cars.

3. Can you apply the concept of externalities to the consumption of deodorant? Draw a graph to show the private and social equilibriums.

Deodorants have positive externalities since they provide smell, utility for consumers.But in long period , it causes toxic gases to me given out to atmosphere which will cause cancers, mutations later on society. Its marginal social cost is bigger than its marginal social benefit.

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It could have been better for you to at least mention about how the environment is polluted this is a really short answer I believe and it does not explain muc.

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2.What are some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

3.Can you apply the concept of externalities to the consumption of deodorant? Draw a graph to show the private and social equilibriums.

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1. Because chewing gum can reduce the tooth decay and it is helpful for economy. It is really cheap so that even the poor people can buy it if they cannot afford teeth brushes for example.

2. For the petrol, there can bi high taxes, then people won't be able to afford it. They are going to try to use the public transportation. By public transportation, more people can be transported at a time and it will reduce the congestion. Also governemnt can make advertisements to encourage the usage of the public transport.

3. There is usually negative externalities when a deodorant is used. For example it pollutes the environment, it damages the atmosphere and the ozon layer, so it affects the global warming in a very negative way. This can be the main negative externality.

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I like the way you connected the chewing gum ban with the unemployment and such other ideas

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2. Government could give benefits for people who use public transportation system instead of imposing extremely expensive tax to people who owns private cars. This benefits would give impression that using public transportation is the way to save their money and this would help the government to increase the usage of public transportation.

3. The consumption of deodorant would have positive effect in society, because its consumption helps people to erase unpleasant body odor, which means there would be no situation that people suffering from other's oder during summer.

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It is true that deos are harmful for the environment but they are also helpful to the society.

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Chewing gum produces spill over cost but in Singapore because the market of gum will be severely affected and can cause major unemployment. Despite the spill over cost is also has its own positives such as keeping away tooth decay and causing betterment for individual human health which is beneficial for the society.

2. What are some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

According to me, the government is already heavily charging customers on their cars, they can also increase the amount of insurance in case of car accidents- this way they will have to pay more instalments to keep the insurance going and will be careful on the road while driving- also not everybody will be able to afford such a heavy insurance and not buy cars. Public transportation should be free in certain time of the days specifically at times when there is more traffic on the street- this way people will choose to leave their cars behind and travel by a train or a bus in order to avoid traffic on the road.

3. Can you apply the concept of externalities to the consumption of deodorant? Draw a graph to show the private and social equilibriums.

The consumption of deodorants has a positive externality on the society, as body odour is prevented and people stay fresh. Here Marginal social cost will equal to Marginal social benefit at Q*. At q1 marginal private benefit will intersect with marginal social cost which will gain external benefit.

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- The gum market is very large in several countries and creates some very large profits for the firms that produce them. As stated above, gum also has spillover benefits such as the production of saliva and a reduced chance of tooth decay.

What are some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

- A possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore is to provide incentives to the people such as a tax break if they do not own a car. This would therefore create less demand for cars since people would be benefiting from tax breaks. Another possible alternative would be to create comfortable and cheap public transportation to discourage the consumption of cars by the Singaporean population.

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Because the Singaporean Government has actually taken notice and has decided to intervene with the consumption of gum. It causes minor unemployment in other countries. Other countries have not banned it because as the text says "reduce chance of tooth decay" so it reduces medical costs in some ways.

2. What are some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

Bigger vehicles contribute much greater to traffic congestion and the government can increase insurance on them. They can also tax fuel and make it more expensive to drive cars. Another alternative is to improve the transportation system (i.e. add trams and trains) and make it more accessible and efficient. Putting restrictions on how many cars one family can have will also reduce traffic congestion.

3. Can you apply the concept of externalities to the consumption of deodorant? Draw a graph to show the private and social equilibriums.

Yes, because for the consumer it has a positive benefit but for the environment it contributes to the emition

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How is using deodorant bad for the environment?

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Other strategies could be regulations on who can drive or when. Raising the driving age or setting curfews on driving could get more cars off the road. The government could also increase the supply of substitute goods or subsidize them, such as their public transportation.

A positive externality of consumption of deodorant would be that people smell better.

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I agree with you point on the negative externaility on the environment by the consumption of deodarant. However, I would like to point out that there are also many positive externalities like improving the smell people around you have and increasing awareness for personal hygiene.

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2.) Some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore are increasing the price of petrol, regulating public transportation and decreasing its costs, imposing an import quota on foreign cars, and increasing the awareness of the dangers of too much toxic emission released into the air by cars.

3.) By applying the concept of externalities on the consumption of deodorant, there are many positive externalities like improving the smell people around you have, increasing awareness for personal hygiene, and increasing the participation in sports as people won’t be as self-conscience over their odor.

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It is about it has some economical benefits which is about producing employment area and it is good for human health especially for teethes.

2. What are some possible alternative government interventions to reduce traffic congestion in Singapore?

They can use taxation to reduce traffic because they can increase taxation on personal cars so there will be less personal car in traffic so it would be reduce traffic congestion and also it is beneficial for environment. Another thing can be increasing prices of fuels so people may use other transportation vehicles instead of their personal cars.

3. Can you apply the concept of externalities to the consumption of deodorant? Draw a graph to show the private and social equilibriums.

Using deodorant is dangerous for the environment.

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